PROJECT BLUE BOOK

FTD-CW-16-3-67 7
Maxwell AFB, Ala 36112 ASI(ASHAF-A) USAF Historical Archives RETURN TO 3Fcb
FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISIO 1967 K243.6012-39
10
JWS
SOVIET EFFORT TO CONTACT EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE SOVIET EFFORT TO CONTACT EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 3 FEBRUARY 1967 3 FEBRUARY I967
8
1003854 7-3745-
405
+

to have obtained the official
the Soviet Union.
establishment of contact with extraterrestial civilizations it
is important to realize that problem hinges on the
(1) What is the origin of the solar system? Without knowing
work, both East and West,
2 have to
We
such as "with some e of
5

proponents of life in t the universe is modern man's possession of
radio communication techniques reaching out to 1,000 out to 1,000
light years and more. How to utilize this
T radio astronomers in the
West and the West and the USSR. USSR.
3
6

more
they often introduce reservations. Thus Oparin thinks that the
Oparin considers
.
meaning. Shklovskiy goes cYanmaGYllow into considerable
7

under
places.. recent. report. he simulation of cond i ons
micro-organisms exists
cooperation since the introduction
of
∞

of his observational work. I In 1909, during o one of the great
that planet t
tmeanhe
of Astrobotany" at the Institute of Physics and
Academy of the Kazakh S.S.R. T
those of the Planet Mars, that is the Arctic tundra and high
mountains.
9

the development of the infrared techniques.
With Tikhov's death his section was absorbed by the
Institute of Astronomy. Tikhov's
. They contain
problems terrestrial plants and
existence of life on Mars.
The results of investigations by Tikhov and his
ce11abora
to prove than the existence of plants.
-
which launched its artificial
The question of
an actual visit instrumented or manned vehicles.
10

- to allow the development of life.
be assumed to be entirely devoid
of life. greatest
L during
the
5. Meteorites and Life
that are available for a study laboratories. In connection
11

Sciences, USSR, where
many nature are being carried out.
which must be con-
sidered in this connection:
chondrites are stony meteorites which
but later researches proved this improbable. T The carbonaceous
inorganic
matter f
in the same meteorites are small
12

treatment.
solid
achievements of science. Much of what Tsiolkovskiy wrote, for
instance, can be characterized as science fiction, and one of the
famous Soviet writers, Alexis Tolstoy was famous for his fantastic
more exuberance than know-
ledge. fantastic
13

evidence supporting flying-saucer visitations.
Another line of pseudo-scientific effort is directed
toward the discovery of traces of contacts ization
The search for information, however, is not restricted -
to the Bible. toward the existence
-
14

1. Means of Communication 26
1.. Associated Programs, Facilities, and
Personalities . 33
APPENDIX I Calculations by Gind 43
APPENDIX II 52
APPENIDIX III APPENIDIX III Power Requirements Requirements . . 55 55
APPENDIX IV APPENIDIX IV - the Byurakan Conference . 57 SM
APPENIDIX V S Byurakan 58
APPENDIX VI Soviet 63
BIBLLOGRAPHY .. 66
SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 67
1003864
ii

cult. -
("'Man and Mysteries of S - an
the West, there are F. Hoyle and George Gamow of
and impossible is fairly indistinct. S
bona fide scientists, simply cannot - discern t this boundary and
15

solid science, their unconscious desires, and fairy tales into
a nightmarish whole.
- : Europe
I
16

contiruous
-
On the earth, life has existed
three Written documerts car be traced for some
6,000 years, while in contrast the use of radio for interstellar
17

According to the
of internal friction will be removed. Therefore, the duration
1.09 1.04
Our own civilization may be
B
guess.
It is well known that our
18

d =5.2 2÷3$ parsecs
If we put years commonly
Civilizations
in Appendix I. Although ions used in Gindilis's
concludes
19

even with the most
) (Some of the planetary
As is well known, Project Ozma in the US was based on a much
problem. Only the nearest stars
these only those that were more or
20

experiment. They all quote the Ozma project, and the book
"Interstellar Communications" published by the NASA in 1963
(in which the Ozma project is
resources
The inference in most the
for several
t advisable
in ascertai their status from published
literature alone.
21

nearest stars it would be prima facie evidence of existence of
intelligent life there. I
survey all sources of
SX
to the energy ergs/
sec.
22

- 1019 ergs/sec.
(2) Civilization utilizing the whole energy of the
I ergs/sec.
-
its galaxy, is about
that the
least some Soviet
astronomers.
consist which could in any
23

some LHE-523 were found at
GAISh.
So far as the situation with STA-102 is concerned much
doubt has been thrown on its period
variation in radio frequency should be considered as an
artificial signal with a period of loo davs. drawing our
.
B
from these two sources. He finds that their radio coperties
24

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page Nr.
FIGURE 1 RT-22 Radio Telescope 64
FIGURE 2 65
TABLE E I Types of Contact B Between Civilizations 28
TABLE I II Distance Between Civilizations Function
of the Number of Civilizations 51
8
Y
iii

source.
(2) Maximum intensity of signal in the range cm.
Much of the discussion at the Byurakan Conference was centered
61-67) thinks that a simultaneous fulfillment of these criteria
This at least
sources that are clearly natural, so that
He does not indicate whether t the Soviet technical capacity is S
25

in the USSR)tak the relativity S
However,
-
to 1.5 million is
of doubtful value. The information returned may have been made
obsolete by better . I
26

- -
lasers, and
other modern electronic means.
L.N. Gindilis (1965) in his survey of the problem gives
This tabulation
is shown in Table I, where d denotes the distance between civ-
ilizations in light - years, and t
char-
The
27

TABLE I
TYPES OF CONTACT CEN CIVILIZATIONS
Distance Between Civilizations, Possible Types of
light years Contact
d < 100 All types are possible.
100<d< s 1,000
(2) Two-way radi I i on
possible
(3) Direct Direct contacts contacts by bodily
visits possible but unlikely
1,000 1,000< Ktc (1) One-way rad One-way adio commurication commurication
(2) Direct contacts, if possible, possible,
will be only one way
d> tc Only one-way radio communication
possible.
28

The
to be impractical for the
reasons. receiver
y undertaking.
10 million. T these stars
and recorders
- Further, what guarantee is t there
29

discovery will be impossible unless the radio apparatus becomes
S
light years. T years
must be considered as the limiting distance for interstellar
-
watts. A brief discussion of -
rererence is contained in Appendix lif.
The problem of
treated at A.V. Gladkiy (pp 145-146) A.V. Gladkiy (pp 145-146)
30

. 1 does
not . The
-
civilizations, the only promising civilizations, the only promising means is an apparatus of the
laser type. Shklovskiy discusses Shklovskiy discusses it in considerable detail
(second edition, Chapter 20), but - that it requires
space platforms for its use which n are not yet available. are not yet available. As As
Shklovskiy notes in the i introduction to his book, the present
31

into
likewise has not been settled.
They rationalize
by noting that t the development of methods for interstellar
-
their scientific advancements.
32

-
AC T
but the
total The Conference was
terrestrial civilizations. Appendix VI VI shows two of the large
One of the centers listed by the Byurakan Conference is
GAISh (Shternberg Institute) where one of the most influential of
In a
33

- E(
Research at the GAISh of interest in the present connection
associates of Shklovskiy.
Is or the order or T , Ts according to Rardashev, a good Indieatlon
of the possibility of their artifi - icial l origin.
It is impossible to say just what practical results of a
Kardashev's attempt
34

3. There is no evidence t large scale
2 from
there exist small projects, of the
size of Ozma in some institutions, notably the Shternberg Astro-
such a prog
5. Considerable emphasis was made at the Byurakan Conference
order to -
iv

be relatively great. A negative result from this search would i
-
resources of the order 1033 ergs/sec. The investigati ions on the
Andromeda a galaxy, M3l, will also be conducted. It is perhaps
In a book "Radio for 70 Years" (l965), Siforov (pp Tl-23) 11-23)
in an article titled "Radio Role in Space Exploration" fails to
include in his scheme of five steps in the development of radio
communications the problem of interstellar communication where it
logically belongs. H logically belongs. -. He devotes to t He devotes to this problem exactly two lines: -
35

-
-
the
-
-
by the Byurakan Conference. T .
monitoring some 10 million objects. Obviously an international
- southern hemisphere,
36

-
-
papers t ensuing iscussion:
*1. V.A. Ambartsumyan, President, Academy of Sciences Armenian
oservatory.
6 B. V. Kukarkin, Astror Council, Academy of - Sciences,
USSR; GAISh.
7. D. Ya. Martynov, GAISh.
*8. N.S. Kardashev, GAISh.
9. 9. E.G. Mirzabekyan, Byurakan. E.G. Mirzabekyan, Byurakan.
10. G.M. Ayvazan, Armenian Academy of Sciences. -
11. P.M. Geruni, IRE, Armenian P.M. Geruni, IRE, Armenian Academy ences.
*12. Yu. N. Pariyskiy, Pulkovo. Yu. N. Pariyskiy, Pulkovo.
13. 13. I.D. Novikov, Mathematics E Institute, Academy of Sciences,
USSR.
37

14. Ye. Ya. Boguslavskiy, NII 885.
*15. V.I. Slysh, GAISh.
*16. L.I. Gudzenko, FIAN.
*17. B.N. Panovkin, Council for Radio Astronomy, Academy of
Sciences, USSR.
18. Member, Academy of Sciences, USSR.
*19. V.I. Siforov, Corresponding Sciences, USSR; IRE.
20. V.A. RAzin, NIRFI.
21. L.M. Gindilis, GAISh.
22. G.S. Saakyan, Byurakan.
*23. S.E. Khaykin, Pulkovo. .
*26. N.A. Smirnova, Pulkovo.
*27. N.L. Kaydanovskiy, Pulkovo.
28. akan.
29. A.V. Gladkiy, Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Section,
Academy of Sciences, USSR.
The large number of radio astronomers f from Byurakan Observatory may be
K Otherwise,
from the GAISh, that is, from the GAISh, that is,
the Shternberg Astronomical Institute of Moscow
an important astronomical
38

E -
S
conference. As a serious worker in the pro
His work is
there.
This reasoning This reasoning
that some s were
39

are coming
Martian flying saucers.
discussions extraterrestrial
civilizations.
But.
(6) and (7) are well known astronomers at the GAISh. I Both,
into every-
(8) N.S. Kardashev, a pupil of Shklovskiy, is one of the
(4) Ya. B. Zel'dovich is a theoretical physicist who has
been connected with the FIAN and later with the Institute of
Chemical Physics.
40

(25) V.S. Troitskiy is Director of NIRFI I (Radio-Physics
He is the author apers
-
(12) Yu. N. Pariyskiy, (26) N.A. Smirnova, (23) S.E. Khaykin,
and ( (27) N.L. Kaydanovskiy are Pulkovo radio astronomers.
the FIAN ysical Institute of the
Of special significance is the participation of Kotel'nikov
-
political figures. T political Their activity Their activity in the problem of extraterrestrial xtraterrestrial -
civilizations indicates the degre importance that t the Soviet
41

The presenice
S - Research Institute Institute
I
military . interest in this topic.
42

the number of
civilizations in it.
to calculate the number of ci
own.
(therefore, Nk1 is the
Civilizations," by L. M. Gindilis. F Civilizations," by L. M. Gindilis. Foreign Technology Division Foreign Technology Division
translation number translation n number FTD-HT-66-517/1+2+4 dated 27 September dated 27 September 1966. 1966.
43

creating their
lizations.
evaluated more or less reliably. The evaluation is based on a
ions
suitable for life to begin. 1 sebsu22-y
equal one discussed Appendix II.
.
44

nomical Union in Prague, in August 1967.
8. is noticeable
effort
V

Around the
Stars of
cems around the stars
transferring the angular momentum
in which th be rele of. a magnetic
field, was pr , - ist Hoyle. If these
45

- -
-
Barnard's Flying Star is a red
planetary syst planetary sys the periods of the periods of - rotation of the planets
are approximately comensurate. Kukarkin suggests that the that the proper proper
46

I
stars. H
such an assumpt
The reader can find details
ne ekeeperondr
Life, Intelligence,' in the books of A. I. Oparin and V. G. Life, Intelligence,' in the books of A. I. Oparin and V
Fesenkov, 'Life in the Universe' and Kh. Shepli, 'Stars and People.' Fesenkov, 'Life in the Universe' -
The limits given there lie in the range from
10-6 to 0.06. From this the number of planets in the galaxy with
conditions suitable
47

life. According to Professor A. A. Neyfakh (USSR) even insignificant
difference in the physical conditions on different planets in
2
Because intelligent is
cosmic time scale T. A Another view is that the lifetime of a -
- i large and
.
universe.
48

.
If t<< T,
then f(tc) = tc
T
If tc~T,
then f(c) = T - To
T
nce - olO ation
on it.
Assuming the lifetime of a civilization is limited, the
P1 and P2 unknown but greater than zero and less than or equal
to one.
f(tc) = tc
T
following following result is obtained: result is obtained:
N^~tc Nc~c (2)
49

neighboring galaxies). T
is that there is one civilization per 106 stars
-
the average distance d between
.
the distance eb between civilizations is not less than several
hundreds of light ye hundreds of light years, and is. than a
thousand light years.
50

TABLE II
Distance between civilizations as a function of the number
of civilizations.
N/NC N c d (in light years)
102 10- 109 10s 32 32
103 108 70
104 104 107 150
10 5 106
320
106 106 105 700
107 104 1500
10 8 103
3200
10 9 102 7000
- -
51

1.
too close to or too far away from their star, and their surface
However,
taking into account planets,
strong, the original hydrogen-rich atmosphere will not be able to
-
into the oxyge -containing air on which the advanced terrestrial -containing air on which the advanced - terrestrial
type
52

4. The star
altering its output
I
prelude
*The quotation taken from ATD Report 66-57
4
.
53

)
around them in the favoral one. In the last case a
discussion.
e the
probability that intelligent t life exists elsewhere.
- -
54

which generally favored the idea of habitability. was assumed
that man was the goal to which all creation moves and consequently,
the celestial bodies did not have any reason to exist unless they
served homes for intelligent beings. In the 18th Century, such
scienti Huygens Fontenelle Swedenboro and
Further development of this idea occurred i the early 19th
Sir William Hershel, per
the s sun was really a dark body which might be inhabited.
1

determine the power which must the direction
-
I lirement can be calculated by the following
( λ) 2 $( λ}$
equation: 2 2
W = Iv (da1) $(a2)$ (1)
where d1 = diameter of the transmitting reflector
radiation background) is much smaller. T radiation background) is much smaller. T Two types of interference Two types of interference
a
which the inhabited planet inhabited planet
radiation. The The intensity of t intensity of this this interstellar interference in the interference in the
55

civilization is 10 light years away (R = 10). Substituting
these values i into equation (2), W must be greater than or equal
is already feasible. It is quite
cation possibilities. communications
-
56

APPENDIX IV
PAPERS READ AT THE BYURAKAN CONFERENCE
1. V. A. Ambartsumyan, Introduction, pp 7-11.
2. I. S. Shklovskiy, 'Multiplicity of Inhabited Worlds and
the Problem of Establishing Contacts Between Them,"
pp 15-34.
3. N. S. Kardashev, "Transmittal of Inormation by the Extra-
terrestrial Civilizations," pp 37-53.
4. Yu. N. Pariyskiy, "Observations of Peculiar Radio Sources
STA-21 and STA-102 PP 54-60.
5. V. I. Slysh, "Radio Astronomy Criteria of Artificiality of
Radio Sources," pp 61-67.
10. V. A. Kotel'nikov, "Contact With Extraterrestrial Civilizations
in the Radio Ra p 113-120.
11. 11. V. I. Siforov, "Some Problems of Search and Analysis of V. I. Siforov, 'Some Problems of Search and Analysis of Radio
Emission From Oth ations," pp 121-128.
12. N. A. Smirnova and N. L. Kaydanovskiy, "Influence of Conditions
of Radio Wave Propagation in Cosmic of Radio Wave Propagation in Cosmic Medium and Atmosphere of
the Earth on the Earth on the Angular Size of he Angular Size of the Source," pp 129-135. pp 129-135.
13. A. V. Gladkiy, T7 "On Possible Languages for Contact Between
Different Civiliz
57

that such life might exist and might develop civilizations.
A contact with
time, however,
there ateh
The rapid growth of
the first practical steps made in the U.S. to contact extra-
- communi-
2. I y to undertake the development of undertake development of
an experimental as well theoretical blem.
58

to discrete cosmic artificial
origin.
these projects, it is necessary to utilize
This would
B
special investigations outside the atmosphere
of the earth. of the earth.
C. C. should be organized
studies studies in adjacent in adjacent fields: fields:
(a) A theoretical study of statistical properties of
artificial
59

linguistics. A ,
3. these programs it to establish
S N SSSR)
Sciences, USSR
Mechanical-mathematical Faculty of Moscow University
P. Ya. 2427 (Post P. Ya. 2427 (Post 0 Office Box 2427, of Box 2427, of some unident uniden ified ied l radio radio
institute).
4. 4.
the Astronomical Council and the Council for Radio Astronomy of
60

I
Paying
technical and financial in the interstellar
communications.
receiving and analyzing
apparatus.
as follows:
I. S. Shklovskiy, GAISh, MGU
University
-
Yu. P. Pariyskiy, GAO AN SSR Yu. P. Pariyskiy, GAO AN SSR (Pulkovo) (Pulkovo)
N. S. Kardashev, GAISh, MGU
L. M. Gindilis, GAISh, MGU L. M. Gindilis, GAISh, MGU
B. N. Panovkin, Council B. N. Panovkin, Council for Radio Astronomy, AN SSSr
61

5. It is considered desirable to call the next conference
lizations and inter-
stellar communications in 1965.
6. I It is proposed to ask the Academy of Sciences, Armenian
SSR, to publish the proceedings conference as a
separate book.
4
62

- - inter-
stellar radio transmissions. :
diameter, RT-22 Shown in Figure 1) and the Pulkovo segmented Pulkovo segmented plate plate
reflector antenna (Shown in Figure 2).
C
63

T
aen
PigE
UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED
Figure 1. RT-22 Radio Telescope.
64

those bodies. Both men were leaders in the mathematical theory
of comets.
and railroads, and function the
rings of Saturn might have to make conditions there
for the intelligent beings which were undoubtedly there.
planets were Venus and Mars, and life on these was highly proble-
matical. It became unfashionable to talk about inhabitants of other
planets, and Lowell's ideas about the artificial
2

Figure 2. Pulkovo Radio Telescope.
65

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ATD Report 66-57, "Soviet Long-Range Space Exploration
2. Communications
with Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Gindilis, L.M.
3. Project White Stork, task response, "A Survey of Recent
Soviet Literature on the Problem of Contact with Extra-
terrestrial Civilizations," 27 January 1967.
6
A
—
.
66

Sciences Armenian, S.S.R., 1965.
2. Symposium, Academy of .
Sciences, U.S.S.R., 1963.
3. Cameron, A.G., Editor, "Interstellar Communications,"
W.A. Benjamin, Inc., N.Y., 1963.
5 4. Fortushenko, A.I Radio," Symposium, Moscow,
Svyaz', 1965.
5. Gindilis, L.M., "The Possibility of Communication with
Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Zemlya nnaya, 1965,
No. 1, pp 18-27.
6. Imshenetskiy, A.A., "Meteorites and the Problem of Existence
of Extraterrestrial Life," Vestnik Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R.,
1966, No. 1. pp 36-45.
11. Shklovskiy, I.S., "Universe, ean
1965, Second I ka.
12. 12. Shklovskiy, I.S. and Sagan, Carl, "Intelligent Life in the
Universe," Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1966. Universe," Holden-Day, Sa Francisco, 1966.
13. Zhukova, A.I., and Kondrat'yev, I.I., Zhukova, A.I., and Kondrat'yev, I.I., "A Camera "A Camera Imitating Imitating
Conditions on Mars for Microbiological Investigations,"
Kosmicheskiye Issledovaniya, 1965, Vol Issledovaniya, 1965, Vol 330-333. 330-333.
Y
* Bibliography from PWS Task - Response which is essentially
Sections I, II, and III.
67

It was
remember the panic in 1938 when this story was d dramatized on the
radio. Millions of people believed the Martians were landing
marching
were rather cool toward the possibility
of life on Mars or elsewhere outside the earth. Perhaps the lowest
point in the b belief of extraterrestrial life was reached in the
3

development
of
contact
The beginning of. tl appear-
This letter fired the imagination of
Soviet scientists,
I. S. Shklovskiy, the author of numerous
books on the subject.
Shklovskiy's first b book, "The Universe, Life, and Intelligence,"
4